ECHOExploratory Compendium of Humanity Online

2016 U.S. Presidential Election Tweet IDs

LimitedVery largegraphtextTwitter (X)ElectionPolitical communicationTime series

A twitter dataset of ~280 million tweet IDs from the 2016 U.S. presidential election period, collected by Littman, Wrubel, and Kerchner via Social Feed Manager (GWU Libraries). Each record contains tweet IDs only — full content requires hydration. One of the largest election tweet archives, covering the full 2016 campaign including debates, conventions, and election night. Suitable for election discourse, political polarization, misinformation spread, retweet diffusion.

Very large: 280M records. Working with all of it takes more than a laptop (tens of GB of memory or a disk-based graph database); a sample, or reading the files in a streaming way, is the usual way to start.

#Presidential debate#Social feed manager#Tweet ids#Us election 2016

Cite this dataset at election-2016-tweets.echo.directory

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Analytics

Data availability: Tweet IDs — hydration required

  • Tweet IDs only — full content requires Twitter API hydration
  • Twitter Academic Research API (free tier) retired — hydration now requires paid access

~280 million tweet IDs from the 2016 U.S. presidential election period (July–November 2016). Retweet diffusion network available after hydration. Twitter/X API now requires paid access for hydration.

~280 million
Tweet IDs
Jul–Nov 2016
Time Span
2016 U.S. Presidential Election
Event
Twitter API (paid)
Hydration

Record

Catalog key
election_2016_tweets
Authors
Littman, Justin; Wrubel, Laura; Kerchner, Daniel
Year
2016
DOI / arXiv
10.7910/DVN/PDI7IN
License
CC0 1.0 (CC0-1.0)
Records
280,000,000
Text corpus
tweet text
Languages
en
Collected
2016-07-13 to 2016-11-10 (2010s)
Tasks
From the graph: link prediction, community detection
Region
United States · North America (inferred: named in the description)

Provenance

Originally published at
https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/PDI7IN unverified
Hosted copy
Mirrored on echo.directory on 2026-10-16, 5.0 GB across 30 files. Checksums in MANIFEST.json.

How to cite

BibTeX

@misc{echo2026,
  title  = {ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online},
  author = {Switzer, Braden and Zafarani, Reza},
  year   = {2026},
  url    = {https://echo.directory},
  note   = {Syracuse University}
}

@dataset{littman2016election,
  title     = {2016 United States Presidential Election Tweet Ids},
  author    = {Littman, Justin and Wrubel, Laura and Kerchner, Daniel},
  year      = {2016},
  publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},
  doi       = {10.7910/DVN/PDI7IN}
}

APA

Switzer, B., & Zafarani, R. (2026). ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online [Data repository]. Syracuse University. https://echo.directory

Littman, J., Wrubel, L., & Kerchner, D. (2016). 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Tweet IDs [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PDI7IN

MLA

Switzer, Braden, and Reza Zafarani. ECHO: Exploratory Compendium of Humanity Online. Syracuse University, 2026, echo.directory.

Littman, Justin, et al. 2016 U.S. Presidential Election Tweet IDs. 2016, doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PDI7IN.

BibTeX · RIS · CSL-JSON

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